Fahrenheit 451 Critical Essay - 1607 Words

Lintang Syuhada 13150024 Book Report 1 Fahrenheit 451 Critical Essay Human beings are naturally curious. We are always in search of better ideas, and new solutions to problems. One of a basic idea of Indonesia has been freedom of thinking and a free flow of ideas. But in some societies, governments try to keep their people ignorant. Usually, this is so governments can keep people under control and hold on to their power. In trying to keep people from the realities of the world, these oppressive governments can end up damaging or even destroying their society. The protagonist of Fahrenheit 451 is Guy Montag, who has spent his life in a state of ignorance, like most people in his society. In fact, he works as a fireman, a feared member†¦show more content†¦In the end, Montag and other exiles watch as the government destroys his city and others. They become determined to rebuild their society, passing down wisdom to future generation. We learn this when Montag and exile leader Granger are talking about the legend of the Phoenix, how the bird burns everything but then it comes back. Except he realizes that they can be different from the Phoenix. They can come back, but they can remember the mistakes that were made so they don’t repeat them. They won’t remake society as it was they will make something new, where people can share ideas and read books. â€Å"...It looks like we’re doing the same thing over and over but we’ve got one damn thing the phoenix never have,† Granger says. â€Å"We know the damn silly thing we just did...sometimes we’re stop making the goddamn funeral pyres and jumping in the middle. We pick up a few more people that remember every generation† (Bradbury 25). In reading Fahrenheit 451, we have learned there is a proper time to challenge the system. Complacency and fear can lead to evil taking over. Ray Bradbury takes Montag through many obstacles, some of which he brings on himself and others brought on by ineffectively doing nothing. In this world, it is hard to get truth to reveal itself. Montag is put in the position of verifying and searching for truth in the laws and following what his heart is leading him to do. People all have a zeal and passion for life in some form or another. In our societyShow MoreRelatedFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury863 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel, Fahrenheit 451 was written by Ray Bradbury and it took place in the dystopian future. Throughout each novel, we are able to see a major theme, which is censorship. In this essay, I will explain how this theme are explored in the story by using the literary devices. To begin with, in this novel, censorship is not given a straight description, but we can see how the author shows it through many literary elements, such as using the setting, tone and symbolisms even foreshadowing. This novelRead MoreAnalysis of The Hapiness Conspiracy and Fahrenheit 451729 Words   |  3 Pagesmore depressing to live in. Both John F. Schumaker, in The Happiness Conspiracy, and Ray Bradbury, in Fahrenheit 451, argue that our myopic pursuit of happiness is actually counterproductive. The two authors attempt to persuade the reader that happiness is, and should be, an almost-serendipitous byproduct of a truly fulfilling life, and therefore should not be an explicit objective. In his essay, Schumaker discusses how our lives have devolved to being merely means to an end. We do not find schoolRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy Is Not The Only One Of The Best Presidents2421 Words   |  10 Pagesbook Fahrenheit 451, it states: â€Å"You re not like the others. I ve seen a few; I know. When I talk, you look at me. When I said something about the moon, you looked at the moon, last night. The others would never do that. The others would walk off and leave me talking. Or threaten me. No one has time any more for anyone else. You re one of the few who put up with me. That s why I think it s so strange you re a fireman, it just doesn t seem right for you, somehow.† The book Fahrenheit 451 is aRead MoreAnalysis Of Fahrenheit 451 Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesChristian Reyes Mrs. Righetti Eng. 2 Accelerated Period 3 08 October, 2015 Fahrenheit 451 Essay (Second Draft) â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover† (Bradbury 155). This is a traditional quote that is most relevant to a story and modern day society. In the beginning, Montag would burn books with much pleasure believing that books are considered â€Å"evil,† but later on in the novel he confronts Clarisse. Faber, and Granger whom guided Montag to realize how wonderful a book can be, how much meaning andRead MoreThe Veldt by Ray Bradbury1008 Words   |  5 PagesWhen Bradbury was young, he spent time listening to the radio and going to the library. He received inspiration from a magician, â€Å"Mr. Electrico.† Bradbury wrote many science fiction books and short stories. Some of his most famous works include Fahrenheit 451, The Martian Chronicles, Something Wicked This Way, and more. â€Å"The Veldt† is about a family who lives in a technological house. The parents, George and Lydia Hadley, bought the house because they wanted the best for their children, We ndy and PeterRead MoreThe Veldt: Science Fiction or The Inevitable Future1315 Words   |  6 Pagesedu/~csigler/PDF%20files/bradbury_veldt.pdf. Hart, Joyce. â€Å"Critical Essay on ‘The Veldt.’† Short Stories for Students. Ed. Ira Mark Milne. Vol. 20. Detroit: Gale, 2005. Literature Resource Center. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. Kattelman, Beth. â€Å"Critical Essay on ‘The Veldt.’† Short Stories for Students. Ed. Ira Mark Milne. Vol. 20. Detroit: Gale, 2005. Literature Resource Center. Web. 29 Jan. 2014. Stanley, Deborah A. â€Å"Mass Degradation of Humanity and Massive Contradictions in Bradbury’s Vision of America in Fahrenheit 451.† Gale. N.p.: n.p., nRead MoreThe Dystopian Novel, Brave New World By Aldous Huxley And Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1405 Words   |  6 Pageshumanity, as well as illustrating that sexuality is the main source of change. This genre study used the most renowned and recognized works of the dystopian genre: Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. Dystopian fiction stems from satire upon utopian novels and their uplifting view of the possible future. Utopian novels tell stories of perfect societies, places where true communism works and it works well. Man has not foundRead MoreFamilial Relationships in The Veldt by Ray Bradbury1474 Words   |  6 Pagestalking to someone ten feet away. Weve killed two million people with automobiles. Were surrounded by technology and the problems created by technology (HarperCollinsPublishers). Some of the bestselling science fiction novels he authored are Fahrenheit 451, Martian Chronicles, and Something Wicked This Way Comes (HarperCollinsPublishers). In the year 2000, he was conferred with the Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters by the National Book Foundation. In 2007, he was presentedRead MoreCensorship : Censorship And Censorship Essay1513 Words   |  7 Pagesthe administration to cancel guest speakers in fear of triggering students, the modern-day university is no longer a place of free, critical, thinking, but a place of censorship. Political correctness (is used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended primarily not to offend or disadvantage any group of people in society. In Juan William’s essay, ‘Defying the PC Police’, he discusses censorship, PC culture, and excessive political correctness. For William, excessive politicalRead MoreMedia Magic Making Class Invisible2198 Words   |  9 Pages(Excerpt: Media Magic- Media Stereotypes-1998). If we do not become more aware of the poverty stricken Americans, it will soon have great affect on not only the poor themselves, but the middle and upper classes as well. Add Project New English essays Much Ado About Gender Roles (15 August) Report regarding a proposed amendment of certain sections of th (13 August) Community Influence In Literature (18 July) Ode To A Urn Detailed Analysis (17 June) Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge (14 June)

My Utopian Society Essay - 905 Words

The Utopian land is divided into two main terrains: farmland and cities. The farmlands, of course, are where most of the countrys resources are produced. The services of the economy, smithing, carpentry, clothmaking, etc., are mainly produced in the cities. Iron is the only resource which must be imported abundantly. All of the resources, except iron, that the nation requires, it produces on its own. The Utopians live a very simple lifestyle. They work, and in their spare time play games, read, and socialize. Other forms of entertainment, such as gambling and hunting are looked down upon. They only eat what is necessary, and their houses are built simply and furnished only with what is necessary. Thus, their consumption is very low.†¦show more content†¦Theses are exported for the iron that they need, and gold and silver after that. However, gold and silver play a very different role in Utopia. There is no monetary system; all of the people are provided with what they need. Instead of working to get money with which they can choose what they want, their work is repaid with everything they need. What each person needs is decided by them alone, and there is no risk of anyone taking more than they need. Why would anyone take more than they need when they will always be provided for? There is no reason to store up for the future, and there is nothing to do with extra, unnecessary products. The gold and silver then is used for purchasing mercenaries for use in war and for paying citizens of other nations to turn against their country in war. Since gold is of no use to the people of Utopia, it is stored as chamber pots, and cheap jewelry worn only by the bondman, the lowest of Utopian people. When a time comes that requires the use of gold, the Utopians gladly give it up, for to them it is just a toilet. The Utopian government also uses its gold to lend to other nations in need. They are very liberal with their loans, and do not always ask for them to be repaid. Their reasoning is that they have no use for the gold, for they have a surplus of that as well, and the other nation that is in debt has very good use for it. This economy seems veryShow MoreRelatedA Comparison Of Thomas Mores Utopia, And The Symposium By Plato1607 Words   |  7 Pageschallenge pre-existing notions in society. The two stories prompt readers to reconsider certain aspects of life which one might have found to be quite one-sided. Thomas More introduces us to an island called Utopia which serves as a model of perfection in each facet of everyday life. In The Symposium, Plato and his friends contribute distinctive interpretations on the origin and meaning of love. Both author’s purpose in their writings was to confront ideas in which society has a rather common shared perceptionRead MoreThe Utopian Society : A Utopian State1296 Words   |  6 Pages A utopian world is one that is different from person to person and given the ideology that one attains, the utopian state doesn’t fit all individuals. In my socially just utopian society, women have the same rights as every man that walks this earth. Differences and individuality would be embraced and not imposed; they would be respected and not ridiculed. There is no political correctness in my utopia; rather, it differs depending on a woman’s personal choices. In the past, women had few lifeRead MoreThe Age Of Enlightenment : An Elusive Dream Of Perfection1244 Words   |  5 Pages The moment I close my eyes, I become exactly who I want to be. In my mind’s eye, everything is how it should be. I can shut out a stormy day and see sunshine. In the midst of a final examination, I can close my eyes and I have already begun my summer vacation. Sadly as I once again enter the realm of veracity with the opening of my eyes, the weight of the world is once again felt on my shoulders. I look around and I see filth and garbage coexisting with beauty and radiance; lies and deceit in theRead MoreExamples Of Utopia In The Handmaids Tale1246 Words   |  5 Pages A Utopian Dystopia the Handmaids Tale Hello, and good morning today’s date is October 18 and my name is Zainab Bahia and this is my Individual Oral Presentation on The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood. When The Handmaid’s Tale was published in 1985, the world’s search for a utopia had failed, resulting in some of the most disastrous social experimentations in the history of humankind, much like Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany. Dystopia flourished and took on a new importance as technology gave riseRead More Portrayal of Utopia in The Tempest by William Shakespeare Essay examples1227 Words   |  5 Pagesto appreciate the possibilities of utopian society, the good, and bad, so that they can understand the problems that the pursuit of a utopian environment may cause. The Tempest is a window into the dimensions of utopian societies. Shakespeares play portrays the good and the evil sides of the perfect life. While his characters take on the role of the leaders of the utopian societies, Shakespeare p ortrays the social questions and beliefs of society of how a utopian environment should be. EssentialRead More2 R 2 B Kurt Vonnegut Analysis1023 Words   |  5 Pagesimages and portrayal of characters both played a major role in my experience of reading 2 B R 0 2 B. If it wasnt for Vonnegut’s use of imagery, I wouldnt have be able to put myself into the time and place of maintaining the perfect balance of this perfect world. And if it wasnt for characterization, I wouldnt have been able to fully understand the meaning and purpose of including the specific and unique characters. The utopian society setting described in this passage has forced its characters toRead MoreCritical Review on Robinson Crusoe1487 Words   |  6 PagesRobinson Crusoe Daniel Defoe tells tale of a marooned individual in order to criticize society. By using the Island location, similar to that of Shakespeares The Tempest, Defoe is able to show his audience exactly what is necessary for the development of a utopian society. In The Tempest, the small society of Prosperos island addresses the aspects of morality, the supernatural and politics in the larger British society. In Defoes Robinson Crusoe, the islands natural surroundings highlights the subjectRead More Utopia - The Impossibility of Perfection Essay example1686 Words   |  7 Pagesend of [this] commonwealth forgets the beginning. ?William Shakespeare, The Tempest From Platos The Republic to Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto, the search for a perfect social state has never stopped; its ultimate goal of achieving a human society that exists in absolute harmony with all due social justice, however, has proved to be woefully elusive. The pure concept of a utopia can be theoretically visualized as a perfect geometric circle: one that is seamless, all-inclusive, yet impossibleRead MoreSir Thomas More Contributed On The 19th Century And Future Generations1698 Words   |  7 Pagesof a perfect commonwealth which has led to much speculation and debate. The fictional island of the Utopians is argued to have heavily influenced communism and brings to the fore both the concepts of idealism and pragmatism and the difficulty of balancing them. The novel largely focuses on the concept of knowledge and the theme of power - how it should be used and the fatalities it can cause. In my essay, I will critically examine the relationship between knowledge and power in the text whilst establishingRead MoreEssay on Arts of the Contact Zone, Mary Louise Pratt1245 Words   |  5 PagesPratt argues that our idea of community is strongly utopian. She continues to plead her case by saying that societies often profess, â€Å"embodying values like equality fraternity and liberty, but systematically fail to realize†. (Pratt 493). Pratt wanted her colleagues to realize that it comes down to seeing your social spaces as â€Å"communities† or as â€Å"contact zones†. Although, she makes a strong case stating that communities are considered utopian and therefore social spaces should not be seen as such

Introduction to Computational Science-Free-Samples for Students

Question: By understanding the useful of Computational Science, Briefly Explain how Computational Science Can Be Deemed the Crossway of: Computingand networking hardware. Algorithms, Numerical Analysis, and Mathematics. Answer: Introduction Computational science is the use of networks, software, storage devices, algorithms and computers for solving problems, building things, creating knowledge and carrying out simulation (Houstis et al., 2012). This report shows how computational science is the intersection of algorithms, mathematics and numerical analysis, networking and computing hardware. Discussion- Computational Science Computational science is an interdisciplinary and broad discipline. It implies science that is not theoretical or experimental in nature. Computational science needs computers for performing trillions of operations like in case of computational chemistry and computational physics. Other area of this discipline focuses on building and utilizing large databases for storage purpose like in case of bioinformatics and business knowledge management. Some areas need networks for accomplishing goals. Software programming and development are also part of computational science. Figure 1: Computational Science (Source: Csci.psu.edu, 2017, p.1) Computational science makes use of computers for studying and solving scientific problems. It uses and analyzes mathematical models for understanding science. Computational simulation provides quantitative and qualitative insights into complex phenomenon that cannot be solved by analytical methods. Graphic workstations, high speed networks, high performance computers along with advanced algorithms as well as software has changed and improved the way of carrying out scientific investigations (Csci.psu.edu, 2017). Computer simulations have replaced many laboratory experiments. Computer science is different from computational science. The focus of computational science is on engineering and scientific problems. It draws knowledge and idea from computer science as well as mathematics for gaining an effective and improved understanding of complex problems. On the other hand, the focus of computer science is on computers. Computational science also gives value and gains knowledge from some topics and parts of the computer science domain. Computational scientists are mathematicians, engineers and scientists who make use of computer technologies for advancing their domain knowledge in essential and creative ways. Computational scientists generally have proper understanding of implementation and analysis of numerical algorithms and networking technologies (Heermann Burkitt, 2012). They utilize visualization and networking tools and works in intersection of computer science, engineering discipline and mathematics. Numerical simulation in computational science allows the analysis of complex systems that would not have been possible by direct experimentation. Computational science is a multidisciplinary area which combines engineering, computer sciences and mathematics. It is focused on developing problem-solving methods as well as robust tools for finding solution of engineering and scientific problems (Iacs.seas.harvard.edu, 2017). Computational science utilizes the computer software, hardware and mathematical model for solving real problems. It makes use of computer science that deals with theoretical aspects. Computational science also utilizes the knowledge of computer engineering that deals with construction and design of computers. This discipline is considered to be a third leg of science. Computational science is said to play a dominating role in the future for scientific discovery as well as engineering design. Conclusion It can be concluded from this report that computational science is discipline that combines the use of numerical analysis, mathematics, algorithms and networking hardware. This report discussed about how computational science utilizes the knowledge of several discipline for solving complex scientific and engineering problems. References Csci.psu.edu. (2017). Computational Science - Background. Retrieved 11 November 2017, from https://www.csci.psu.edu/background.html Heermann, D. W., Burkitt, A. N. (2012).Parallel algorithms in computational science(Vol. 24). Springer Science Business Media. Houstis, E. N., Rice, J. R., Gallopoulos, E., Bramley, R. (Eds.). (2012).Enabling Technologies for Computational Science: Frameworks, Middleware and Environments(Vol. 548). Springer Science Business Media. Iacs.seas.harvard.edu. (2017). Computational Science and Engineering. Retrieved 11 November2017,fromhttps://iacs.seas.harvard.edu/files/iacs/files/cse_information_session_nov_14_2014.pdf

Life In Rome Essays - Marriage, Ancient Roman Society,

Life in Rome Life in Rome "Was Rome a pleasant city to live in?" Well, writers who wrote about it say that they didn't think so. This is based on survived writings. One big reason why life was not that good was the plan of the city. To many buildings were being built. Emperors were building too many impressive, marble temples. Then in the residential areas were the insulae. They are unplanned blocks of poorly built apartment buildings. These buildings were for the ordinary Roman. They were built very closely, and building collapse was common. Nero made a more systematic reconstruction of the buildings. He used brick concrete instead of wood. Even though he did this, less than twenty years later half the city got on fire. This probably happened because the Romans use torches, oil lamps, and cooked on gas stoves. An hour couldn't go without a fire starting somewhere. The streets of Rome were also very noisy especially at night. This was because Caesar said that chariots were allowed on the streets only after sunset. The streets were also very crowded. So even when the chariots weren't there, the people were. Another very chaotic place was the Argiletum. This is the most known shopping center in the empire. Most Romans didn't own land. "The average Roman had little privacy and still less money." Most Romans who lived in the city were craftsmen, shopkeepers, or general laborers. "Trade was always conducted on a small scale." This was because each merchant was responsible for himself. The large trading place was between the Forum and the Tiber. The tradesmen and the bankers worked together. The artisans and craftsmen had their own district. If people were in the same trade, they would join together to form a collegia. When children were born, they were placed at the front of their father's house, so the father could inspect the baby. The father could accept or reject the child. To accept the child, the father would pick it up. The baby is given a name eight or nine days later. Children were sent to school at about age six or seven. "The Twelve Tables decreed that a man might only sell his son three times." There are tree types of marriage in Rome. Parents permission was required for all marriages. One was the confarreatio, which was a religious ceremony. The bride and groom would eat cake. The second type of marriage was coemptio, which means purchase. The last type of marriage was called usus. Women could never be totally independent. If she wasn't under the authority of a husband, then she was owned by her father. "Divorces were very common." Rome was a very advanced city. It was also very strong. Even though it was strong and advanced, it wasn't very good to live there. They had many problems. We know this from survived writings about Rome. Writers Horace and Juvenal didn't think that the city was very pleasant. Writings about Alexandria and Antioch, smaller cities, made the cities seem like a more pleasant and quieter place than Rome.

Investigation into the relationship between the density of fresh water shrimps in fleet brook and the flow rate of water brook Essays

Investigation into the relationship between the density of fresh water shrimps in fleet brook and the flow rate of water brook Essays Investigation into the relationship between the density of fresh water shrimps in fleet brook and the flow rate of water brook Essay Investigation into the relationship between the density of fresh water shrimps in fleet brook and the flow rate of water brook Essay Essay Topic: Into the Wild Fresh water shrimps (gammarus pulex) are crustacean living in many rivers and streams of this country. They prefer to live in flowing fresh water environments which often has better oxygenated waters that still water environments.2 Aim The aim of my investigation will be to determine the relationship, if any, between the gammarus pulex (fresh water shrimp) population density (the number of shrimps) and the rate of water flow at particular sites of Shir Burn Brook. Preliminary work For my preliminary work, a variety of sampling techniques were carried out to collect samples of freshwater organisms in Shir Burn Brook. The methods include the kick sampling technique and the prodding sampling technique. The range of the flow rate of water in Shir Burn Brook was found to be 0.05m/s-0.25m/s. The samples collected also enabled me to correctly classify and thus allowing me to recognize gammarus pulex. Samples were also collected in a static water environment to enable me to differentiate between the species gammarus pulex and its static water relatives, grangonyx pseudogracilis. Kick samples were taken at different site in the brook. The numbers of freshwater shrimps found at each of these sites are 20, 35, 60, 15, 24. This shows me the range of the number gammarus pulex I should expect. These figures gave me a rough guide on the range of the numbers of gammarus pulex living in the brook. This means that I have a rough estimate of the numbers of shrimps I expect to find during my investigation. Hypothesis: There will be higher densities of gammarus pulex present in areas of faster water flow. The results should show a positive relationship between the rate of flow at a site in the stream and the number of shrimps found at the site. I believe this will be due to the variation in oxygenation of the water. As the water flows faster, the movement will mean that more oxygen can be dissolved into the water, creating a higher dissolved oxygen level in the water. The increased amount of oxygen will allow larger numbers of shrimps to thrive. Null hypothesis 1. There will be no relationship between the population density of gammarus pulex and the water flow rates of sites in Shir Burn Brook where the gammarus pulex are collected. 2. There is no correlation between the dissolved oxygen level of the water of the different sites of Shir Burn Brook and the rate of flow of water at these sites. Background information to explain hypothesis Site The Fleet is a man-made brook by diversion of Shir Burn Brook (TM075314) in the 19th century. The purpose of the Fleet was to deliver water to be used by the steam turbines in the near by railway station down stream.1 It runs through a clearing in woodlands. It is relatively unpolluted with nitrates and phosphate levels within the normal guidelines. As with any flowing fresh water habitat, there are large numbers of freshwater shrimp dwelling there.1 Gammarus pulex Gammarus pulex is a species of freshwater shrimps. Fresh water shrimps belong to the order of the amphipoda. A typical amphipod crustacean is flattened from side to side, and the body when at rest is curved round to form an arch. Gammarus pulex is found swimming on its side. When it is moving the hind parts of its body straightens out, only to contract again suddenly into its normal curved position as soon as the creature stops. They are often found under stones or on the soft surface of the mud, and when disturbed scud rapidly away to shelter. The male is about 25mm in length and the females slightly smaller. Their colour is usually lightish brown. Fresh water shrimps are largely scavengers, feeding on decaying organic matter, but they are also known to devour other smaller creatures. Gammarus pulex are found abundantly in freshwater habitats in the British Isles. Care should be taken during classification to differentiate between the species gammarus pulex and grangonyx pseudogracilis which are usually found in static water environments.2 Flow rate of water Velocity of water varies throughout streams. This is due to the friction between the water and the stream bed. It is therefore expected that deeper parts of the stream will have higher rates of water flow since the surface in contact with stream bed-water volume area is smaller, meaning less friction. Depth is therefore a good indication of the flow rate at any site in the stream. Slower flow rates of water will allow small sediments of mud to develop on the bed of the stream. In faster sites, however only larger substrates such as pebbles are allowed to deposit while substrates that are too small are carried off by the water. The stony bed of the stream are especially suited for the gammarus pulex as there legs will allow them to cling on to rocks, this would be less possible with a muddy substrate.3 Some species of fresh water fauna are in a similar niche to the gammarus pulex will not all be designed to with stand the turbulence of the water. Therefore, at sites with higher water speeds, the diversity of species present there will be less. This means that there will be less interspecies competition for all the essentials which the gammarus requires (e.g. planktonic foodstuffs, oxygen, space for shelter).4 Dissolved oxygen and temperature. The solubility of oxygen from air, at normal atmospheric pressure, in pure fresh water is related to the temperature of the water by the equation: Cs = 475à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(33.5 + t ) 5 Where Cs is the solubility of O2 in water in mg/l and t is the temperature. It is obvious that if more oxygen is dissolved in the water, there will be more of it available for the respiration of fresh water fauna living in the stream. Respiration provides energy in the form of ATP allowing the metabolisms in the animals bodies to occur.6 The oxygen concentration in the streams is expected to be higher in concentration compared to static aquatic environment. The distribution of oxygen is also expected to be more even than static water habitats. This is all due to the movement of the water in streams allowing more oxygen to dissolve and subsequently mixing the oxygen evenly. Nitrates and phosphates Nitrogen and phosphorus are basic elements in all living matter. Nitrates and phosphates therefore are not unexpected to be found dissolved in Nitrate is an essential provider of nitrogenous elements for living organisms. Nitrogen is essential for the synthesis of protein and nucleotides in most living things. Nitrogen is recycled through the biosphere by the nitrogen cycle.7 Dead and decaying organic materials (in this case dead leaves) are broken down by denitrifying bacteria inhabiting the water. The nitrogenous molecules are converted into nitrates Nitrate and phosphates are regulators of organic growth. The free flowing algae and small planktonic forms are affected directly. High levels of nitrates and phosphates often stimulate their growth. Gammarus feed on these. Therefore if more plankton are in the stream due to the nitrate and phosphates, the number of gammarus will increase also. The problem with nitrate and phosphates is that when excessive amounts are present (often due to soil leaching, effluent produced by farms, and human effluent) algal growth is intensified leading to eventual deoxygenation of the water eventually causing eutrophication. Thus there will be a decrease in the number of gammarus found in the water. 8 Variables and Key variables Explain Independent, the different rates of flow of the Dependent Factor / Variable Effect on the project Control method Density of fresh water shrimps This is what is tested Flow rate of river This is the key variable of the investigation. It is expected that a higher flow rate of water will lead to higher gammarus population densities, and lower water flow rate will lead to smaller gammarus populations. Dissolve oxygen level of water For all aerobic organisms, oxygen is essential for their survival. Thus, a higher concentration of dissolved will enable a larger population of gammarus to exist in an area providing other factors are not limiting. Control variables Nitrate levels in water This will increase the algal populations in the water. Though sustainable amount of nitrates in the stream will lead to more foodstuffs for the gammarus and thus increase their population, high levels of nitrates caused primarily by pollution will lead to diminished shrimp population as the result to the effects of eutrophication. This variable is sampled at each site so that it is ensured that the nitrate level throughout the stream is constant. It is expected to be constant since the movement of the water will mix any dissolved nitrates till it is in equilibrium in the water. Phosphate levels in water Like the nitrate levels, this abiotic factor will cause fluctuating levels of micro organisms in the stream. The phosphate level in the water is tested at every site. This again ensures that the phosphate concentration is constant throughout all of the tested sites as expected. The phosphate compound is expected to be distributed evenly in the water due to the movement of the currents. Water temperature There will be an optimal temperature range at which gammarus will like to live. If a section of the river is out of this range, the number of gammarus found there will be lower than other sites. The water temperature is monitored at every site. This again ensures that the temperature of the water is constant throughout every site. The water of the brook should be of very similar temperatures since the flowing water currents will distribute the heat evenly throughout the river. Where the water temperature is significantly different from the other sites tested, another site with a more acceptable water temperature will be chosen to be sampled. pH of water There again will be a range of pH of water outside of which few gammarus will survive. Sites whose water pH is too low or high will not contain many gammarus. The pH of the water is tested at every site. This is to make sure that every site tested all have the same pH. Sites whose pH is significantly different from all of the other sites are not chosen to take samples from. The pH is expected to remain fairly consistent throughout the stream. Leaf coverage of the sky above the brook If a section of the brook is covered by leaves, the chance of a dead leave falling into the brook is greatly increased. Since gammarus pulex feeds primarily on decaying plant material, the populations of freshwater shrimp in these regions will be expected to be greater than regions with no leaf cover. The percentage leaf coverage is recorded at the sites where samples are taken. It is made sure that the leaf coverages at all these sites are similar. This shall not prove to be difficult since the brook runs through a wooded area. Seasonal variations Due to the life cycle of the fresh water shrimps, there will be times in the year were there will be small amounts of the gammarus making sampling difficult. This is over come by taking all of the samples in a day. The investigation is conducted in summer when there is sufficient numbers of shrimps in the river. Range of samples and number of repeats At least ten different sites of the stream should be sampled. This will give me a suitable amount of data to adequately perform statistical tests such as Spearmans rank coefficient. The range of the water flow rate of the sites will be from about 0.05m/s 0.25m/s as I have discovered in my preliminary work. This will provide an adequate range for the above ten sites of data to be taken, e.g.: 0.05m/s 0.07m/s 0.09m/s 0.11m/s 0.13m/s 0.15m/s 0.17m/s 0.19m/s 0.21m/s 0.23m/s In practice it will be difficult in the natural environment of to select sites with these exact flow speeds of water. Rather than findinf sites with precisely the same flow rate of the above, ten sites with suitably different flow rates and of suitable range is used to take the samples from. At each site, the site is repeatedly sampled for ten times. This will allow me to calculate the mean of each site and to identify any anomalous samples that were taken. Apparatus A wide range of equipments are needed for sample collection and the monitoring of the aboitic variables of the different sites of the stream. The possible sampling techniques are also considered here as the preference of any one of the methods will invariably affect the choices of apparatus. Kick sampling Prod sampling Needs large area to take each sample, So the sample area may not e of equal flow rate Not much substrate at some sites. Prodding method difficult in picking up samples. Use of apparatus Apparatus available Apparatus Chosen Reason for choice Effect on precision and reliability To measure flow rate of rive at different sites Pooh stick method Impellor method Impellor method The impellor will enable me to determine the rate of water flow at the bed of the stream. Whereas the Pooh stick method will only tell me the surface flow rate. The impellor and flow rate counter will give the speed of water flow to the nearest 0.1m/s. it also eliminates any human error To measure water temperatures Mercury thermometer Digital thermometer Digital thermometer It is more accurate if the thermometer is always left in the water when the temperature reading is taken. The level of the stream is on a very low level, making the accurate reading of the mercury thermometer very difficult. Furthermore, the digital thermometer will record the temperature to the nearest 0.1oC, whereas the accuracy of the spirit thermometer is at best à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.25oC. The digital will give us the temperature of the water to a greater degree of accuracy (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.05oC). This reduces the precision error from the mercury thermometer by ten fold. Human error is eliminated by not having to take a reading of the temperature at the correct eye level. There is no longer need to estimate when the reading lies between two graduation marks. To measure water pH level Digital pH meter Universal indicator Digital pH meter The digital pH meter will give an accurate qualitative pH reading to two decimal places. The universal indictor will allow me to estimate the pH by matching the colour of the test solution with a colour chart. This is extremely prone to errors in that it is often very difficult to obtain test solutions with exact matching colours as the chart. The digital meter gives the pH to a far greater degree of accuracy. There is no comparison with colour charts needed. Care should be taken to ensure that the pH meter is properly calibrated before use. To measure dissolved oxygen concentrations of water. Diaphragm dissolved oxygen meter Diaphragm dissolved oxygen meter (0.0-19.9mg/l) This will give the dissolved oxygen level of the water. There is not another method that is both as accurate and as easily performed as this, making it ideal for project work in the wild. This is the only applicable method of testing the oxygen content of the water in the stream. It is also the most accurate method that could be used. The dissolved oxygen concentration of the water will have to be tested on site rather than on samples taken back to the laboratory. This is because that some oxygen will enter or leave the water in the sample bottles during transporting to the laboratory. To obtain dissolved nitrate concentrations of water. Reflectometer Indicator strips Reflectometer The reflectometer gives the nitrate concentration quantitatively rather than a qualitative result from the indicator strips. It gives the concentration of nitrate in water in units of mg/l. Reflectometry allows the conversion of a single nitrate presence test in to a qualitative nitrate concentration analysis. As the name suggests, the test is conducted by reflection light on an indicator strip which will undergoes a colour change in the presence of nitrate. The strip changes colour in proportion to the concentration of nitrate in the water. The reflectometer is calibrated to detect the degree of this change and convert it into a quantitative concentration of nitrates. To obtain dissolved phosphate concentrations of water. Reflectometer Indicator strips Reflectometer (for high phosphate levels) Indicator strip and reagents kit (for low phosphate levels: 3.0mg/l Similar to the nitrate concentration test, the reflectometer gives the concentration of phosphate in the water quantitatively. One difference between testing for phosphate and nitrate is that there is going to be much less phosphate expected to be dissolved in the water than nitrate. If the nitrate concentration is smaller than 3.0mg/l, this reflectormeter will register the concentration only as low. Under these circumstances, another technique is used. In this technique, 5cm3 of water sample is used and a series of two reagents are added to it. The colour change underwent is compared to the colour changes on a chart. This gives the phosphate concentration to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.25mg/l accuracy. The reasons are similar to those for testing the nitrate concentrations of water. The phosphate low concentration test will present a range of five distinctive colour changes. These will correspond to the concentrations of 0.0mg/l, 0.5mg/l, 1.0mg/l, 1.5mg/l, 2.0mg/l, and 2.5mg/l. This give the phosphate level to a greater degree of accuracy the reflectometers for higher concentrations of phosphates, although the over all precision error will remain similar (0.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.5 = 1.0 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 5.0) To measure the depth of brook at different sites. Meter rule Meter rule The meter rule will be most suitable as only a rough guide for the depth of the brook is to be obtained. The waster will leave a mark on the ruler from which the depth can be taken. The meter rule will give the depth of the brook to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1mm. This is of an acceptable accuracy as only a rough guide of the depth of the stream at the sampling site is requires. To collect sample kicked up. 0.50 meter net width. 0.25 meter net width. 0.5mm holes. 1mm holes. 0.50m wide net with 1mm holes in the netting material with 2m handle. As kick sampling is preferred, as net of the biggest width should be used to ensure that all organisms disturbed by the kick sampling is collected. As gammarus pulex are larger than 1mm, the pores in the net will allow substrate to filter through while retaining the gammarus to be sampled. The biggest possible net is used to ensure that most of the sample kicked up from the stream bed is collected. A net with 1mm pores is used to allow mud particles to pass through the net. Less mud will be transferred to the vessel in which the gammarus pulex are counted. This means the water in the vessel will be clearer which means any gammarus pulex present can be spotted more easily. To mark out site of sample taking. 0.50m by 0.50m quadrants 1.00m by 1.00m quadrants. 0.50 x 0.50m quadrant. A suitably large area of the stream will be marked out by this quadrant for sampling. At the same time the quadrant is not so big so that the speed of water flow does not vary within the area enclosed by the quadrant. A good sized quadrant will allow a site to be marked out for sampling. The quadrant chosen will increase the reliability of the test by allowing a large enough area with the same flow rate to be sampled. Apparatus required to classify and count the numbers of gammarus pulex in each sample. White enamel tray Pipette Plastic spoon. White enamel tray Pipette Plastic spoon. A white enamel tray will offer a light background to contrast the darker colours of the gammarus pulex so that they can be easily spotted. Pipette and plastic spoons will allow gammarus to be removed from enamel tray once they are counted. This avoids one gammarus being counted more than one time. Several major measures are to be take ensure the accuracy of the investigation. Water tamparature, oxygen concentrations, and water samples are collected before any sample is taken. This ensures that the abiotic variables of the water is not disturbed before they are measure. Whilst sampling, always work from down stream to up stream. This means that sites up stream from where the sample is taken is not disturbed. For each sample, the same number of kicks is done with the same hardness. From my preliminary work, kicking each spot ten times gives an adequate numbers of shrimps in each sample. It was seen that if the shrimp population density at a site is high, kicking 10 times brings up large number of gammarus pulex. At areas with low gammarus concentration however, only small numbers of gammarus are collected despite kicking ten times. Method 1. Select 10 sites in the river with 5 suitably ranged flow rates. This can be estimated by firstly measuring the depth of the brook at that point with a meter ruler. Make sure there are no drastic differences in percentage branch cover by using a section of hose pipe. 2. Once a site is chosen, the dissolved oxygen level and the water temperature must be measured first. This means that the water is no disturbed before the measuring which could lead to anomalous results. Water dissolved O2 levels Submerge probe in water. Do not sub merge the electrical wires. Move probe gently in water and wait for dissolve O2 level reading to equilibrate on digital display. Record the dissolve oxygen level in mg/l. Temperature Submerge metal part of thermometer into the water. Water for readings to equilibrate Record the water temperature. 3. Water sample is taken with a 150ml water sample bottle. The water sample should be taken from as close to the bottom of the stream as possible as this is the immediate surrounding of the freshwater shrimps. 3. The flow rate of the water is then tested with an impellor. The impellor device is placed in to the water. When in rotates freely, the digital counter is switched on. A flow rate speed is then given after 30 seconds of testing. Wait another 30 seconds to ensure that the reading displayed is correct since the first reading could be erroneous. 4. Before taking the sample, fill a white porcelain tray with water from the brook. This will allow any fauna collected to survive while the sample is being counted. 5. A 50cm x 50cm quadrat is then placed into the brook. Collect the sample by using the kick sampling technique on areas within the quadrat. The substrate is kicked ten times with the same hardness. The disturbed substrate and organisms is then collected by the net placed down stream. 6. The sample in the net is emptied in to a porcelain tray. It is rinsed with water in the porcelain tray to ensure no life forms are stuck on to the net. 7. Any gammarus pulex identified in the sample is counted. To avoid counting the same shrimp twice, the counted shrimps are removed by a plastic spoon or pipette in to a plastic palette. Once counting is completed the shrimps are returned back in to the brook. 8. All of the remaining substrate and fauna in the porcelain tray are returned in to the river also. 9. Within the vicinity of the quadrant, choose another undisturbed site around 15cm up stream and repeat the process above. A site upstream is used to ensure that the site used is not disturbed when the previous sample is taken. 10. Ten samples should be taken altogether from a site with a certain flow rate. 11. The above is to be repeated with the other nine sites. Testing of water samples The pH, nitrate, and phosphate levels are tested in the laboratory due to the nature of the equipment which has to be used. Nitrate 1. Set test 261 on reflectonmeter. 2. Dip NO3- indicator strip in water sample. 3. Start 60 second count down. 4. The indicator strip should change to a purple colour if nitrates are present. 5. Insert the strip in to the reflectonmeter after 55 seconds. 6. Record the nitrated concentration displayed (mg/l) Phosphate 1. Put 5ml of water sample in to a small bottle. 2. Add in with it 10 drops of H2SO4 (care corrosive). Shake to mix. 3. Select test 124 on reflectonmeter. 4. Start 90 sec countdown. 5. Dip indicator strip in sample. 6. There will not be any colour change if low amounts of phosphate are present. 7. If phosphate levels are below 3mg/l, the reflectonmeter will display LOW. If this happens, use the low phosphate test as below. Low Phosphate 1. Put 5ml of water sample in to a small bottle. 2. Add in with it 5 drops of H2SO4 (care corrosive). 3. Add 1 measure of Reagent 2 then shake for 2min to mix. 4. There should be a colour change of the solution. Compare the colour change with the chart provided to ascertain phosphate level. pH Insert digital pH meter into water sample. Swirl around and wait till reading equilibrates. Record the pH. Safety precautions Make sure that there is someone around at all times, and do not work alone. Do not sample areas in the brook which is too deep. Wear rubber gloves while sampling to avoid infections. Carry a mobile phone in case of an emergency. Give mobile contact numbers to staff. Sign in and out of the field centre so that the staffs know my whereabouts. Analysis of results I will calculate the standard deviation for the data collected from each site of the stream. This will tell me the diversity of the data collected at these sites. I will plot the graph of shrimp density against water current flow. This will inform me of any correlation that may be present between the two variables. I will carry out Spearmans correlation to establish the strength of the correlation between the variables above. I will plot the graph of rate of water flow against dissolve oxygen concentration. This will inform me of any correlation that may be present between the two variables. I will carry out Spearmans correlation to establish the strength of the correlation between the variables above. If there seem to be a linear proportionality between any of the two pairs of variables above, I will calculate the regression line which will enable me to plot a line of best fit onto my graph. This will allow me to carry out interpolations of the data which could give me a chance to carry out further studies in the future to see whether the interpolations are reliable, thus determining the accuracy of this study. By looking at the data for the dissolved oxygen concentration at the different sites and the rate of water flow at each site, it is obvious that there is no correlation between the two variables as I had expected. I will still plot a graph between the two variables and carry out spearmans rank correlation coefficient to support the null hypothesis. Below are examples of how I carried out the statistical analysis. Spearmans rank coefficient Flow rate of water /m/s Density of gammarus pulex R1 R2 d d2 7 8 13 22 14 16 12 7 19 13 ? Conclusion * There is a positive correlation between the current flow rate and the density of gammarus pulex found at the site. * The abiotic factors tested remains constant throughout the river, it is therefore assumed that the varying densities of gammarus pulex collected at different sites are not affected by these. The constant nature of abiotic factors is caused by the moving nature of the water. Any nitrate, phosphate, and oxygen will be well mixed to obtain equilibrium. The temperature of the water remained constant for the same reason. * Contrary to my prediction, the dissolved oxygen level in the stream was indeed higher than that in still water. * If varying oxygen levels are not the main cause for the diversity of shrimp density, the cause could be attributed to the different nature of substrates found at different sources. * Faster sections of the stream have more small stones under which the gammarus may cling for shelter to avoid the current. The stone acts as a barrier for the gammarus against the water. Thus the numbers of gammarus in these faster, rockier sections thrive. In slower sections of the stream, more sediment is deposited. This leads to muddy sections of the river bed. Here, gammarus will have less protection from the streams currents. They would have to burrow under the surface of the muddy substrate. This is far difficult than hiding behind a stone. Smaller numbers of gammarus will be able to remain there, thus its density is the lowest in slower sections of the river. * At faster sections of the stream, fewer other species of fresh water organisms will be able to survive due to them being unable to cling in to rocks and being washed away. This means there is less overlapping of the niches of organisms and thus less competition for the shrimps. This means the shrimp population is able to grow larger than areas with slower current speeds.9 To be sure of the assumption above, more tests need to be carried out in site with flow rates of between 0.05-0.15m/s and ;0.05m/s. Discussion Percentage branch cover. Substrate quality. I mentioned carrying out further tests to find out the accuracy of interpolations make from the available data, it is however more likely that as the flow rate of water is increased further, the increase in the number of gammarus found at these sites will not increase in the same proportions as before. A graph of this is shown below: This is due to other limiting factors such as intra species competition. Evaluation Assumptions made to limit In reality, a wide range of factors would act along with the speed of water flow to affect the gammarus population density. Assumptions were made that other factors will not vary greatly since the sampling was conducted in a single river. Although many important variables were tested to confirm that they are indeed fairly constant, there are fluctuations in the concentration of nitrate () at the different sites. This probably will have had an effect for the sample data. For example, the nitrate concentration at the site with the water flow rate of 0.18m/s is 53mg/l compared with the rest of the sites having a nitrate concentration of about 47mg/l. It is instances like this which may limit the reliabilities of the findings. There may be other abiotic factors which I did not have the means to measure affecting the gammarus pulex density. For example, the calcium carbonate concentration of the water is an important issue concerning the density of shrimps. Shrimps require calcium to form and repair their shells. The assumption was made that all of the shrimps which were collected in each sample were correctly classified and tallied. The fact is that it was far from certain that every single shrimp in sample is indeed counted. The classification of the gammarus made difficult by the amount of substrate brought up along with each sample. Large numbers of shrimps in a single sample made counting difficult since they are mostly fast moving. Difficulties caused by method The method caused unavoidable disturbances to both the water and the substrates of the river bed other than that of the sampled area. This is due to that many groups are conductiong investigations in the stream at once. The disturbed water meant that the various abiotic variables of the river is disturbed. It also affects the speed of water flow as people standing in the river unavoibly obstructs the flow of the river. Sources of error Limitations of method * Uneven kicking It is very hard to control the amount of stream bed disturbed by each kick. Although the number of kicks is kept constant, it is very hard to keep constant the area and amount of substrates and fauna sampled each time. * Not all disturbed substrate collected Due to the width of the net, it is impossible to collect every bit of potential sample that is kicked up. * Equipment cross contamination The reflectometers, pH meters which were shared between the groups could have been contaminated with the samples of other groups. Thus giving a higher NO3- level that the actual value etc. * Not all shrimps sampled It cannot be guaranteed that every gammarus collected in the sample will be counted. This could be caused by the size pf the gammarus, problems with identifying, and gammarus hiding below substrates brought up with the sample. The numbers of gammarus counted should be treated as a bare minimum. * Slightly different speeds at different sites Although several impellor readings are taken at different areas within the 0.25m2 area within the quadrat, it is more than likely that there will be areas in the site where the speed will vary. * The dissolved O2 level meter did not work at the site. Therefore the dissolved O2 levels of the water samples collected in bottles were tested back at the lab. To avoid oxygen to be mixed in to the water while inside the bottle, the bottle was filled completely full to the brim. Due to the concave shape of the lids, some air bubbles remained in the bottle. This could have had an effect on the dissolved oxygen levels recorded. * Other investigations taking place upstream * There were other people conducting investigations up stream. This means that the samples I collect could contain some shrimps that have been disturbed and the carried down the stream by the current. This will increased the number of shrimps I collect in some samples. * Errors in classifying species of shrimp * Precision errors of apparatus ; Meter Rule à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.5mm ; Flow meter à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01m/s ; Oxygen meter à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1.5% of total scale of 0.0 19.9mg/l ; Reflectometer à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.5mg/l ; Digital thermometer à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.3 ; Digital pH meter à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.2 These contribute to the percentage errors of the results. Anomalous results Anomalous results are highlighted in red in the result table. These are excluded when the average for each site is calculated. This is so that it will affect the reliability of the data. The anomalies would probably have arisen due to the limitations to the method listed above. Improvements * Sample a larger number of sites to further establish a trend. * Sample different rivers to see if the trend is replicated. * Find regions in the stream where the water current is faster to see if the trend continues linearly, or whether there is a cut off point to this positive correlation. * Retest sites which seem to give anomalous results. * Investigate the contribution of substrate quality to shrimp density * Reflectometers could have been contaminated with water samples of other groups. Since the equipment is shared, other groups using the reflectometer to test water samples would have their water left in the testing slot. This will results in the indictor strip changing its colour to another shade thus registering an anomalous NO3 reading. Further work Futher work should be conducted to investigate the relationship between the substrate quality of different sites of the stream and the number of gammarus pulex these sites contain. * Investigate whether the diversity of fresh water fauna is linked with the speed of the water flowing at the point. This will show whether interspecies competition has a major effect on the population density gammarus pulex.

Spanish Verbs Related to Tener

Spanish Verbs Related to Tener Tener is one of many verbs in Spanish that can be combined with several prefixes to form new verbs. Although tener doesnt have a cognate (an equivalent word with a common ancestor) in English, the verbs derived from it do, and they are among the English verbs ending in -tain. Thus detener has the same origin as the English detain, mantener is related to maintain, and so on. But just because Englishs -tain words are related to Spanishs -tener verbs doesnt mean that they are exact matches. For example, detener and retener are often interchangeable in Spanish as their meanings can be quite similar, but the English verbs are less likely to be used synonymously. Similarly, the meanings of to hold something up and to defend a viewpoint can both be expressed in Spanish with sostener and mantener, while the English verbs tend to have less overlap in meaning. The Nine Verbs Here are the nine most common Spanish verbs derived from tener along with some of their most usual meanings and sample sentences: Abstener Abstener is usually used in its reflexive form abstenerse and typically means to deliberately refrain from something. It is usually followed by de. Mi padre tiene que abstenerse del alcohol. (My father has to abstain from alcohol.)Me abstengo de pensar en las cosas malas que han pasado. (I refuse to think about the bad things that have happened.)El presidente fue interrumpido por su abogado para que abstuviera de atacar a su rival polà ­tica. (The president was interrupted by lawyer so that he would keep from attacking his political rival. Atener Atener refers to keeping within some figurative boundaries, such as by heeding instructions or obeying the law. In more general usage, it can refer to merely paying attention to or dealing with a situation. As in the first two examples below, it is often used in the reflexive. Es importante que nos atenemos la ley. (It is important that we obey the law.)Pero no puedo atenerme a ella todo el tiempo. (I cant attend myself to her all the time.)Las autoridades no atienen el problema. (The authorities arent dealing with the problem.) Contener Contener has two categories of meaning: to control or restrain, and to contain or include. La jarra contiene dos litros. (The jug contains two liters.)Muchas veces  contuvo su enojo. (She often controlled her anger.)Los champà ºs de limpieza profunda contienen un ingrediente cido como vinagre de manzana. (The deep-cleaning shampoos include a high-acid ingredient such as apple vinegar.) Detener Detener usually means to stop something or detain someone, such as by arresting. La policà ­a detuvo a once personas. (The police arrested eleven people.)Es importante que detengas todo ese caos. (It is important that you stop all this chaos.) Entretener Meanings of entretener include to distract, to entertain, to delay, and to maintain. Se entretuvieron buscando un coche. (They got distracted looking for a car.)No ha entretenido su coche. (He has not maintained his car.)Se entretenà ­a por tocar el piano. (She entertained herself by playing the piano.) Mantener Mantener can refer to maintaining in the broad sense of the word, such as by physically supporting, sustaining, remaining, and keeping. Los precios se mantuvieron estables. (Prices remained stable.)Mantenga limpia Espaà ±a. (Keep Spain clean.)Roberto se mantiene con caramelos. (Roberto keeps himself going with candy.)Se ha mantenido como nuevo. (It has been maintained like new.) Obtener Obtener is the cognate of obtain but is used more informally and frequently than the English word. It is often translated as to get. Obtuve la firma del actor. (I got the actors signature.)Quiere obtener dos archivos de audio. (She wants to get two audio files.) Retener Retener has most of the meanings of to retain, such as to retain, to hold back, to deduct, and to keep. Retenieron el avià ³n presidencial por una deuda. (They held back the presidential plane because of a debt.)Muchas empresas retienen impuestos. (Many businesses deduct taxes.)Retengo en la cabeza todos los lugares que he visto. (I retain in my head every place I have seen.) Sostener Like sustain, sostener refers to supporting something. Los tres bloques sostienen la casa. (The three blocks hold up the house.)No puedo sostener mi opinià ³n. (I cant support  my position.) Related Words Here are some words that are derived from or otherwise related to the above verbs along with some common meanings: abstemio (teetotaler), abstencià ³n (abstention), abstencionismo (abstentionism)contenedor (container), contenido (contents)detencià ³n (arrest, a halt)entretenido (entertaining), entretenimiento (entertainment, pastime)mantenimiento (maintenance, upkeep)obtencià ³n (an obtaining)retencià ³n (detention, deduction, retention)sostà ©n (a support), sostenido (sustained) Conjugation of the ‘-tener’ Verbs All of the verbs based on tener are conjugated irregularly in the same way that tener is. For example, the first-person singular indicative is of tener is tengo, so the same form of the other verbs are abstengo, atengo, contengo, etc.

Supply chain management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Supply chain management - Essay Example This is the first step in the elimination of fraud which emanates from dubious and illegitimate payments (Coe 2007, pg. 206). After, registration of the request, a thorough scrutiny is done to the document to establish its authenticity and note any errors. The calculations and values indicated under the document are vetted to ensure their correctness and omit possible errors. More over, this step is necessary to detect overvaluations and unnecessary items. If the document fails the check list, it should be retained for further action (Coe 2007, pg. 208). Remarkably, on meeting the laid down procedures and requirements, the request is acted upon by raising the requested ministry budget. This is important to enable the concerned ministry to meet its responsibilities. Allegedly, the finance ministry may be forced to suspend the request until the next financial year budget. Notably, this will not be undertaken, purportedly to avert the instances of the ministries failing to meet their obligations. As requested, funds are channeled through to requesting ministry as per items in order of their priority and time limits (Coe 2007, pg. 208). More over, the ministry of finance supply chain officials conducts an audit on the previous allocations to the concerned ministry to establish their spending. This is also in endeavor to ascertain whether the ministry, did under spend and establish the balance they retained in the current financial year. In the event, the ministry fails to even meet the set criteria; there is no sending of the request to the budget department for more scrutiny (Coe 2007, pg. 208). Finally, the supply chain specialists issues the requested checks as per the detailed items to the ministry which now is at liberty to spend the funds efficiently. Notably, from the above flow chart, some discrepancies are emerging indicating the weakness of the model. As indicated, after checking the request order, it is not returned back to the requesting