Dr. Kings Letter From Birmingham Jail essays

Dr. Lord's Letter From Birmingham Jail articles Peacefulness can contact men where the law can't contact them. These words, as spoken by the late social equality pioneer Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (Step Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story, 1958) turned into the key principle of his life. The idea driving the words would characterize his work, yet the historical backdrop of a whole age of American individuals in the twentieth century. Yet, his words would have demonstrated empty were it not for the moves that he made to help them. In the event that his words were the spike that pierced the core of isolation, the peaceful exhibits that went with them were the mallet that was struck against that spike. They were an intense blend that couldnt be overlooked or quieted through the difficult endeavors of segregationists of the time. Dr. Lords words educated his activities, and the other way around. No place in his extraordinary history is that more clear than in the apparently close to home letter he composed from a prison cell in Alaba ma; the Letter from Birmingham Jail. A key case of this in Letter from Birmingham Jail is found in a segment in which Dr. Lord says, I have reliably lectured that peacefulness requests that the methods we utilize must be as unadulterated as the finishes we look for. (Passage 43). At this specific purpose of Kings letter, there are different fundamental implications and understandings that might be gathered, however they all strike a similar harmony. While the familiar maxim expresses that the closures legitimizes the methods, peacefulness and especially its utilization during the Civil Rights Movement, directs that the methods ought to legitimize the finishes. The words, and the implications inside them, are held as a belief system; a statement of purpose for the whole Civil Rights Movement and the ethical standard of the individual people. To be progressively explicit about what this implies, Dr. Lords confirmation of peacefulness addressed the reason and battle against legitimate and social treachery, gave a distinct cont... <!

Biotechnology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biotechnology - Essay Example (Paine, et. al., 2005). Another model is the BT corn, which hereditarily adjusts corn harvests to shield it from ruthless bugs, for example, caterpillars. Much contention has encircled biotechnology and biotechnology crops from the beginning. There are numerous pundits contend that it exacerbates the parcel of ranchers instead of improve it since it makes an example of corporate reliance. Taking the BT-corn model, after some time, vermin would build up a resistance to changed strain in the corn yield and ranchers will have no real option except to buy new pesticides from the organizations at costs that will abuse their absence of decisions. Natural supporters, then again, caution of the perils of biotechnology on biodiversity and other living things. For instance, tree huggers declare that the corn that is fending bugs off is additionally executing the Monarch butterfly. As indicated by Kloppenburg and Burrows (2001), â€Å"given the expanding commodification of science and innovati on and the truth of where buying power lies, it is gullible to expect another apparatus, for example, biotechnology ever to fall outside corporate control.† 2. a. ... Since it is absurd to expect to direct research on human bodies, utilizing creatures in lab tests is legitimized as a solid method of learning the dangers to human wellbeing and to nature. Notwithstanding, inquire about including creatures must be done in a mindful way in order to maintain a strategic distance from any pointless brutality upon the creatures and to guarantee that the research facility tests are finished with the least conceivable harm to them or to other life frameworks. b. The portion reaction bend alludes to a x-y diagram intended to quantify the consequences for a living thing or life forms because of introduction to stressors or synthetic substances, tried over a given timeframe and in differing dosages. The goal is to decide if a specific substance is valuable, and the levels or portions that it is useful, just as the dosages at which it is as of now unsafe. The portion reaction bend is regularly used to help in the creating of natural or wellbeing guidelines. c. LD50 is the portion required to kill half of an example populace inside a given time period. It is additionally called the middle deadly portion. A low LD50 is perilous in light of the fact that it implies that lone little dosages are required to kill half of the example. On the other hand a high LD50 is expectedly esteemed to be more secure. The issue anyway with this standard is that it just estimates passing and not other poisonous impacts that don't vital lead to death. 3. I concur that the prudent rule is a significant natural standard, and one that ought to be beat showcase contemplations and facilitated commerce summons. Researchers like Adler restrict the preparatory guideline, as his concern with it was that it was not receptive to the dangers of biodiversity

Goldwater, Barry Morris

Goldwater, Barry Morris Goldwater, Barry Morris, 1909â€"98, U.S. senator (1953â€"65, 1969â€"87), b. Phoenix, Ariz. He studied at the Univ. of Arizona, but left in 1929 to enter his family's department-store business. After noncombat service in World War II, he won election to the Phoenix city council. In the U.S. Senate, Goldwater advocated state right-to-work laws, a reduction of public ownership of utilities, and decreases in welfare and foreign aid appropriations. He attacked subversive activities and opposed the senatorial censure of Joseph R. McCarthy . Goldwater became the acknowledged leader of the extreme conservative wing of the Republican party. In 1964, as the Republican presidential nominee, he was decisively defeated by President Lyndon B. Johnson . Nonetheless, many believe that Goldwater initiated a conservative revolution in Republican politics and American public opinion that ultimately led to the election (1980) of President Ronald Reagan . Goldwater was again elected to the Senate in 1968, 1974, and 1980. In his later years, Goldwater, basically libertarian, often clashed with cultural conservatives. He wrote The Conscience of a Conservative (1960), Why Not Victory? (1962), The Conscience of a Majority (1970), and Goldwater (1988) with Jack Casserly. His son Barry Morris Goldwater, Jr., 1938â€", b. Los Angeles, was a U.S. congressman from California (1968â€"83). See biographies by L. Edwards (1995) and R. A. Goldberg (1995); studies by K. Hess (1967), J. H. Kessel (1968), and R. Perlstein (2001). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Prostitution of Minors - 1435 Words

Prostitution of minors occurs all around the world. We do not notice because it may not concern us, and it is difficult to act when something does not affect us in any way. It affects you if you have children or nieces who are under age right now selling themselves to help out their families who are in need of money. What would you do right then to help them get out of that situation? Thats whats going on in Europe right now when you visit, is the same thing that is happening in Mexico. There are many young girls selling themselves because they have to work to support their family. I had a personal experience with this issue when I took a trip down to Mexico with my cousins once. It was around 1:00 a.m, and we were heading back to the borderline to cross back into the U.S. On our way there I saw an empty building that was full of women and children standing outside. I told my cousin to stop, and I got out of the car to ask a girl who looked to be around 9 or 10 years old, what she was doing there I will never forget her words, I came here to work to help out with money because right now Im the only one who can. I told my cousin to help the girl with some money she could go home for the day, so that she did not have to do this at least for a day. Those words of hers have stuck with me to this day. Seeing these children out there that have to resort to these acts to support their family seems unfair because they are not the parents. The parents should be theShow MoreRelatedDomestic Minor Sex Trafficking : Prostitution Or Exploitation?1518 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Minor Sex Trafficking: Prostitution or Exploitation? 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Some people agreeRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1236 Words   |  5 Pagesmajority of people believe prostitution should stay illegal, claiming that the legalization of prostitution will only make the chances of getting an STD even higher, an increase in rape rates, and will also add to the growth of human trafficking. Although this could be the case, there have been many studies that tell a different story. Currently, Nevada has allowed prostitution in 11 of its counties with much success. There can be many ben efits from the legalization of prostitution in the states. LegalizingRead MoreThe Sexual Exploitation Of Youth1500 Words   |  6 Pagescentres on concerns of privacy rights involving private use, child pornography, as well as regarding the establishments of exploitation and consent. Barabash involved two fourteen year old girls who were runaways, dependant on drugs and involved in prostitution. According to Statistics Canada (2008) at the time of this case, youth aged 12 to 14 were twice as likely to experience sexual violence then that of young adults, this statistic was even higher if the victim is female (Sexual Assault, para. 4)Read MoreProstitution : The Oldest Profession On Earth1352 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is considered as the oldest profession on Earth. Sexual service in return for payment is called prostitution. Prostitution is a big issue effecting women, men, and children all over the world. This is a world-wide controversy and it is something that people are not comfortable talking about. The question is whether people who are involved in the sex industry are willing or are forced to do it. Our society has different points of view on this issue. Some people agree and want to legalizeRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legalized? Canada?1379 Words   |  6 Pagessexual intercourse. 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Gifted Children with Learning Disabilities Free Essay Example, 2500 words

It is evidently clear from the discussion some adults who anyhow managed to pass out their school often come across difficulty in coping with the basic literacy agility and dexterity, they are slow in processing the information, understanding the facts and also find difficulty in reciprocating the facts. Attention intricacies are often faced by such individuals, chronic absentmindedness, poor memory retention, and complexity are also observed in their organizational skills as well as management of things. According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that there are various misnomers persisting in the society about the learning disabilities encompassing- individuals with learning disabilities are have low intelligence and they can never learn appropriately. However, according to Gerber most of the students with learning disabilities possess average to above average intelligence. According to Brody Mills, most of the individuals belonging to the category of learning disability are actually gifted. Timely guidance, supervision and with patience and hard work these individuals are able to cope well to overcome their learning disabilities and can be successful individuals in future. In certain cases, individuals with learning disabilities are marked as the individuals who are lazy and out of their laziness they tend to cut excuse that they are negligent, careless and apathetic or unenthusiastic. We will write a custom essay sample on Gifted Children with Learning Disabilities or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Gradually, with the research being carried out and studies performed it is now established that learning disabilities are the resultant of neurological mutilations and it is not related with the characteristic attributes of the individual. The present research has identified that an individual has no control over such an attitude and therefore by nature, such individuals are not lazy or unenthusiastic but because of their neurological condition they tend to display such characteristics

The Social Developmental Value of Theater Arts Free Essays

string(132) " dramatic effect of a soap opera in Britain could have the same effect anywhere with any culturally differing social circumstances\." Applied Theatre is an umbrella term used to describe theatre and drama based practices with the aim of social development. The topics can range from targets of community building, protest, cultural awareness and sensitivities, harm reduction, religion, health, socio-economic representation, and educational purposes. Within Applied Theatre, there are no set traditional theatrical methods but a preference towards innovative and interactive methods where actors often have the freedom to engage with the audience and where audiences shape the philosophy as well as the content of the piece. We will write a custom essay sample on The Social Developmental Value of Theater Arts or any similar topic only for you Order Now As once said by Augusto Boal, a famous Applied Theatre practitioner who spearheaded a creative arts movement called â€Å"Theatre of the Oppressed;’’ â€Å"Theatre is a form of knowledge; it should and can also be a means of transforming society. Theatre can help us build our futures, rather than just waiting for it’’ This philosophy is a statement of artistic humanitarianism where creative and performance arts reach the height of their power to create and inspire, as performance is combined with everyday people and represents individuals and their society rather than fulfilling a goal of entertaining, thrilling, and profit making. This is using theatre as an investment in the social economy. To look more in-depth at the educational value and social significance of Applied Theatre, major concepts of the field could be examined through three diverse applications. These applications will include culture, harm reduction, and protest. Culture From primitive story telling, to Shakespearean cultural-political representations of Elizabethan society; the performing arts has historically always been a part of most cultures. Nowadays where cultures are highly mosaic in nature and where we find ourselves in the midst of fusing and evolving identities, and an influence of masses of media and technology; the need for cultural identity is more crucial than ever. This is greatly apparent in the North American indigenous population that throughout history has suffered copious amounts of underrepresentation, abuse, and annihilation. Rooted in the 16th century European explorations, the Native eople of North America have always undergone ill treatment. The historical European desire to colonize and assimilate foreigners was carried out up until the end of the 20th century where indigenous peoples’ children were sent to concentration camp-style schools run primarily by the catholic church under rigid government policies concerning Natives which was referred to as â€Å"Indians affairs. ’’ The children were stripped of their language, culture, religion, and traditions and forced to behave in a foreign way. This caused domino effects amounting to Canada and America’s current situation where Native people continue to suffer from social disorders, and be at a high risk for alcoholism, drug-use, prostitution, poverty, and subjection to adoption and fostercare as well as a lack of community resources. In recent years, great efforts have been put in place to restore Native culture that was once outlawed. Traditionally their history was an oral tradition recorded through story telling. This was seen as a unique opportunity to apply theatre arts to a suffering population in hopes of gaining cultural identity and applied to the greater North American population to raise awareness and understanding towards Native people. In the Eastern Canadian province of Ontario in the small town of Manitowaning there is a theatre group called the De-ba-jeh-mu-jig. This name comes from the indigenous languages of Cree and Ojibway meaning â€Å"Story Tellers. The company is non-profit and community based and currently produces a number of performances including children’s performances and interactive theatre using their own unique creation/writing process and methodology with the purpose of representing and showcasing the local indigenous culture and engaging in home-grown solutions to their own challenges for cultural and social development. They’ve done numerous productions and tours of shows with unique titles such as â€Å"The Indian Affairs’’ and â €Å"New World Brave,† whose titles themselves exemplify the content of their aim. The productions often encompass the stories of their traditions, religion/spirituality, history, language, and survival and are often intertwined with modern day cultural challenges. The company has also done improvisation projects with topics such as careers and fetal alcohol syndrome as well as other outreach programs to foster artistic engagement in the community. The works of this company sum up the power of theatre arts in a culturally applied sense and continue to educate, inspire, and engage a generation as well as harmonize and restore a once lost people and their culture into modern society. Harm Reduction Harm reduction is a term, which refers to policy put in place to cut down the practice of human-behavioural activity that may produce harmful effects. This includes a range of topics including illegal, and risky/dangerous practices. For example, harm reduction public policy could be attributed to things such as Drugs including illegal substances, needles, alcohol related issues, Tobacco, and drug crime, as well as Sex including topics such as safe sex, STI’s, HIV, AIDS, prostitution, as well as more psychological and less intensive topics like mental health, self-harm, and bullying. By analyzing the works of Sponsored Arts For Education, known as S. A. F. E. , a Kenyan non-governmental organization with the mandate of delivering social change by addressing controversial topics. They primarily focus on social aspects, treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS and safe sex and family planning, but also include topics such as peace, female circumsicion, and female rights/empowerment, water and health, prisoner outreach, environmental issues, Drug use, and LGBT topics. All of these outreach topics are delivered through creative mobile theatre performances targeting rural areas of Kenya where social stigma, the lack info technology and education are hindering people’s health and safety and contributing to the expanse of the aforementioned issues. S. A. F. E. , started by British actor Nick Reding, is a proactive charity whose philosophy states it’s belief that dance, music and theatre break down barriers and draw people in thus creating social change. In 2012 Coronation Street writer Damon Rochefort collaborated with S. A. F. E. with a vision that the dramatic effect of a soap opera in Britain could have the same effect anywhere with any culturally differing social circumstances. You read "The Social Developmental Value of Theater Arts" in category "Papers" Soap operas play on issues and emotions that reflect real people’s lives in the cultural sense of the viewers, and they perform long running dramatized renditions that offer a real insight into each characters’ lives. Thus, they are drawing the viewers into long time subscription and allowing them to experience a sense of escape. During the collaboration, the cast of Coronation Street visited Kenya to create a unique soap style piece of drama that plays on life changing messages in the sense of local cultural and the issues and struggles that face their society. The team visited Bangala, a slum of 20 000 people, one of the nation of 1. 5 million HIV positive people’s hardest hit areas. Most people don’t know how to prevent the spreading of the disease and usually don’t know their own status. There is a huge social stigma about HIV and families known to be positive are demonized and alienated. Infected mothers pass the virus to their children because there is a lack of knowledge about drugs for pregnant women that block the passing, and the children face barriers to education and freedom because they too are infected. The virus continues to be spread because of stigma, ignorance, and unavailability of condoms. The cast of Coronation street had to use these issues to train Kenyan actors and collaborate to put on a rehearsed non scripted (improvised) production. The finished product was a story about two local families who have to come to terms with a series of events consisting of whatever life threw at them (in a local context) including relationships, rape, child prostitution, family planning, female courage, health, and violence. They portrayed positive ways of dealing with and preventing these things and used comedic effect to break stigma and engage the audience and set them at ease. The production was done with the use of a mobile theatre that consists of a large vehicle, which has been fitted to store a stage, which retracts out of the side of the vehicle forming a large raised platform, and fitted with speakers. This is a very pure and original form of theatre, which is intimate and innovative. A perfect fit for the unique and original concept of applied theatre. Analyzing the creation a such performance, it is apparent that copious attention to detail is necessary to create the right effect. Dealing with such serious opics it is important to know how to combine the right amount of comedy with the right amount of seriousness. In utilizing this form of theatre correctly it is possible to realize the full potential of the arts and reduce harm to the masses. After the Coronation Street/S. M. A. R. T. show, counseling services and resources were available such as a condom tent and family planning tutorials. After a one year tour of one S. M. A. R. T. applied theat re tour in Kenya, an audience of 80 000 people would have viewed the show and 18 000 would have learned their HIV status as a result. Protest The early formations of applied theatre are apparent through the theatrical practices of classical drama and the politically motivated arts movements of 18 and 19th century Europe. Most notably, the French Revolution had a largely politically fuelled theatre scene. During France’s period of the ‘’Ancien Regime’’ where France was under monarchial rule, theatre was highly regulated by the monarchy and only three approved theatres existed in France. These displayed works that were highly censored and apolitical. After the fall of the monarchy, there was more freedom, which allowed for more theatres to be put up and a more vivid dramatic arts scene emerged, but continued to be censored. In 1791 a law was passed called the Chapelier Law which gave theatres the right to operate free from governmental oversight. Immediately following this the number of theatres boomed and theatre began to be seen as an arena of new French ideology and a pillar in the community. This period, known as the Enlightenment, fifty three new theatres opened and were constructed with vast audience space whilst new plays were constantly being written. There was an area of the theatre known as the ‘Parterre’ where were the working class would react and interact with their emotions towards what was being portrayed on stage quickly became a melting pot of political ideology and national identity and emotion. During the Enlightenment, plays were so politically fueled that French newspapers would criticize plays which lacked political representation saying that they were anti-revolutionary and a distraction from the pressing issues of society. For example, a famous and elaborate dramatic opera by Paisielo performed in Paris and was condemned, publicly petitioned against and reported to the National Assembly because of the general opinion of it being sensuous blasphemy with no significance or respect towards political fuel, national identity or democratic flow of interest. In fact, the importance of political theatre was so grave that the law even stated that any theatre that ‘’performs works attempting to undermine public spirit and to revive the shameful superstition of royalty will be closed, and the directors will e arrested and punished to the full extent of the law. ’’ This type of theatre was labeled as ‘Pieces de circonstance’ or more literally translated, Pieces representing the circumstances. Plays such as ‘’The Fall of Toulon’’ by benoit Picard used a story line based on true events and speeches by notable French figures such as Robespierre, whils t incorporating fuel for national pride, the national anthem, and a portrayal of overcoming struggle, freedom of expression, and comedy to make a mockery of the plight once faced in regards to the old monarchial system. These innovative pieces gave the ever so changing nation pride, courage, and esteem to address issues facing the build of their new society, as well as a safe place to discuss political feelings and national identity. The role played by the more scripted and political classical French drama from the Enlightenment period of the French Revolution, was pivotal in producing direct effects upon society and can be used as inspiration for modern theatre applied to modern day struggles. Now with an added creativity and freedom, with aspects such as improvisation, and deliberate engagement with the audience, the ower to be mobile, and more insight to the diversity of issues that perturb the human race, theatre can be used as a perfect tool for engaging a society in forms of protest and movements in a peaceful and democratic manner. These early works gave way for modern practitioners to fulfill their own philosophies using theater as a catalyst in an ongoing protest for change. Augosto Boal, a Brazilian applied theatre pioneer spent a lifetime producing social change via dramatic arts. In his early life he felt the need for the underclass of his nation to up rise through peaceful means. He recognized the social iniquities and racial divide facing them. He felt that his own social class, race, and social status impeded the progression of a generation of people subjected to life in the slums of his city. His philosophy was that change came from within the target group rather than an imposition of change upon them. His slogan was a quote from William Shakespeare’s Hamlet stating that ‘’theatre is like a mirror that reflects our virtues and defects equally. ’’ Boal went on to start the Centre for Theatre of the Oppressed. This organization had as an objective the study, discussion, and expression of social issues. They used this to protest and up-rise against diverse issues such as citizenship, culture, and oppressive policy all by means of theatricality. The works of Boal through the Centre for Theatre of the Oppressed even gained a feat of having a law passed protecting crime victims and witnesses in Brazil, a valuable asset in the society of the oppressed people represented by the organization. Boal wrote many books including Theatre for the Oppressed, Games for Actors and Non Actors, The Rainbow of Desire: The Bo al Method of Theatre and Therapy, and Legislative Theatre. In Games for Actors and Non Actors, Boal outlined a nearly every dramatic exercised he applied during his career. From this stemmed new kinds of innovative theatre such as the following: Newspaper Theatre is a technical system allowing an audience to make use of local news articles and other non-dramatic pieces of literatre, and apply them into becoming a theatrical scene. Legislative theatre is a form that provides an opportunity for local voters to voice and protest their opinions in dialogue with government and institution using theatrical methods. The formulation of a piece is created based on proposed laws and policies. The audience may join in as actors and express their views thus impacting the creation of the local policy. Forum Theatre is a highly interactive form of theatre where audience members could call upon a piece to pause, where mistreatment or oppression was evident in the storyline or amongst character interactions. Audience members would formulate solutions for a rational and preferred means of addressing and dealing with the subject. The audience shaped the course of which the piece would take. Invisible Theatre is the pursuit of an ambiguous performance in a location unsuspecting of a performance such as in a public setting. This tricked spectators into thinking that a real event was taking place but the theme would always address social issues. It is a means of getting a message across to an audience who may not normally be open to view a such performance. It also allowed for public interaction into the piece. Boal’s work went on to creating a practice called Drama Therapy based on the aforementioned principles. It is apparent that by drawing upon classical methods and applying dramatic aims into aims of social development; that theatre can be used as a catalyst for change in modern society. Innovation in theatrical forms are endless, and as long as creativity is used with enough insight into social needs, a powerful fusion is developed. Whether the goal is to educate to reduce harm in a developing country and within vulnerable communities, or to build a sense of community and culture, to gain political interest, or to revolutionize a nation, the power of the dramatic arts is an unparalleled tool where possibilities are endless. Task List 1) The topic for my research is the social developmental aspect of theatre. The aim is to look at the diversity in which theatre can be used as an applied tool. The research will analyse Applied Theatre methods, history, and applications. My reasoning for choosing this topic was because of a personal career specific interest. The only limitation was my inability to find live performances to gain a first hand experience as there were none in my area. I was also limited to choosing only a few possible applications of applied theatre as the lists are endless as it is a creative process rather than a set method. 2) My sources of info are listed in detail in the bibliography. I used books and Internet. Primary sources are sources of information that offer first hand knowledge of the subject. They are created during the time and within the direct context/environment of the subject. Secondary sources are continuations of primary sources, they are analysis, continuation, and interpretation of subjects, and events out of direct context/period. 3) I chose to use books mainly and internet to look more in depth at concepts discovered in my readings. I will acquire my books from the Central Vancouver Public Library where there is the largest collection of books in Canada as well as a wealth of resources. (I used the system to earch keywords such as: social change, applied theatre, theatre for change, political theatre, social drama, sociological drama, democratic drama, drama for change, theatre in the third world, humanitarian theatre. ) When using Internet I will verify sources prior to relying on their information. I will check the credibility of the authors and publicists. 4) Choose topic on the day asked by the instructor, find practical examples to broaden my perspective, select sources, gather notes and source details in a clear and concise method including brain tools such as mind maps and connections logs, analyse notes including primary and econdary information, choose a format for the final piece including the desired form of presentation, compose piece based on chosen format and information, proof read, edit, submit/present. 5) Do the research and write up project 6) Present project 7) Evaluation of Aims and Methods – Drawing on personal interests, my aims of showing the breadth of applications of theatre, its educational value, and its ability to impact society by bringing about social change, became very easy. I feel that the sources of my information applied directly to my aims and that breaking down my aim into three subcategories of culture, protest, and harm reduction- made for a more concise way of getting my point across. These three subcategories embodied the initial aim and each showed the educational value of theatre for that specific application. This happened through using practical examples, historical events, and practitioner profiling. My time table was effective as everything came together easily and on time. My time table was more of a checklist instead of a dated series of events. My sources were very clear and understandable, as well as verified for credibility. Looking at websites, I always checked the name of the author and searched them on google, as well as the date of their publication to get the most up to date examples. Also when looking at the study of Applied Theatre I found that referring to university prospectuses aided myself in personally understanding its researchable value. How to cite The Social Developmental Value of Theater Arts, Papers

Statistical Notes for Clinical Researchers

Question: Discuss about the Statistical Notes for Clinical Researchers. Answer: Introduction: The annual rainfall and climate of the country Singapore has been analyzed in this report. The country Singapore is located in tropical rainforest region. The country is surrounded by sea on all its sides. The region experiences maritime climate all over the year. There are no distinct seasons. The country also experiences moderate temperature and huge amount of rainfall all over the year. The average temperature of the country is about 88 degree Farenheight. The country is located to the south of the Equator. December and January are the coldest month while the April and May are the hottest month (Xavier et al. 2014). In this report, the climate of the country Singapore is being studied. The temperature, humidity, rainfall of the country is being analyzed using various statistical techniques. The report will help to get an idea about the overall climate of the country. The calculations, charts and analysis for this report has been done using excel software. The main research question considered for this report is: Is there any relationship between the temperature and humidity? Is there any relationship between the sulphur di oxide and nitrogen di oxide content and air temperature? Is there any relationship between the rainfall and bright sunshine? Data Analysis, results and discussion: The descriptive statistics measures helps to get an idea about the dataset. The summary statistics measures include the measures of central tendency, dispersion, histogram and other graphs and charts. The summary statistics measures have been calculated for the variables amount of rainfall, sunshine, average temperature and others. Temperature(Max) Sunshine Relative humidity Total rainfall Sulpher di oxide content Nitrogen di oxide content Mean 31.42857 Mean 5.614286 Mean 82.42857 Mean 2184.571 Mean 11.42857 Mean 23.71429 Standard Error 0.114879 Standard Error 0.105624 Standard Error 0.739921 Standard Error 150.606 Standard Error 0.649437 Standard Error 0.521641 Median 31.3 Median 5.6 Median 82.9 Median 2159.9 Median 11 Median 24 Mode 31.2 Mode #N/A Mode #N/A Mode #N/A Mode 11 Mode 25 Standard Deviation 0.303942 Standard Deviation 0.279455 Standard Deviation 1.957647 Standard Deviation 398.4661 Standard Deviation 1.718249 Standard Deviation 1.380131 Sample Variance 0.092381 Sample Variance 0.078095 Sample Variance 3.832381 Sample Variance 158775.2 Sample Variance 2.952381 Sample Variance 1.904762 Kurtosis -1.40432 Kurtosis -0.76392 Kurtosis 2.95556 Kurtosis 0.043713 Kurtosis -0.63809 Kurtosis -2.0895 Skewness 0.567796 Skewness -0.01178 Skewness -1.5093 Skewness -0.25177 Skewness 0.168964 Skewness -0.35866 Range 0.8 Range 0.8 Range 6.1 Range 1210 Range 5 Range 3 Minimum 31.1 Minimum 5.2 Minimum 78.5 Minimum 1538.4 Minimum 9 Minimum 22 Maximum 31.9 Maximum 6 Maximum 84.6 Maximum 2748.4 Maximum 14 Maximum 25 Sum 220 Sum 39.3 Sum 577 Sum 15292 Sum 80 Sum 166 Count 7 Count 7 Count 7 Count 7 Count 7 Count 7 Table 1: Descriptive statistics measures (Source: Created by author) The mean value of the average daily maximum temperature of Singapore is found to be 31.42857. The mean temperature has a deviation of 0.303942. The median value of the temperature is 31.3 degree Celsius and the modal value is 31.2 degree Celsius. The skewness value is 0.567796 and the range of temperature has a negative kurtosis measure. The range of maximum temperature very the years is however very small only 0.8. The summary statistics measures states that the daily Sunshine has a mean value of 5.614826. The mean value has a deviation of 0.279455. The median value of Sunshine is 5.6. The Sunshine value is different for different years from 2008 to 2014. Therefore, there is no modal value of Sunshine. The range of Sunshine over the years is 0.8. The Sunshine variable has almost symmetric distribution the value of skewness being only -0.01178. The country experiences a maritime climate and therefore is expected to have a high value of relative humidity. The average value of relative humidity all over the years is 82.42857 and the median is 82.9. The average value has a deviation of 1.957647 from the mean value. The distribution of relative humidity is negatively skewed indicating that some of the years have a low value of relative humidity. The entire range of relative humidity is 6.1. The mean value of total rainfall of the country over the year is 2184.571 which have a deviation of 398.4661 from the mean value. The skewness value of the distribution is -0.25177. The entire range of observation is 1210. The median value of total rainfall is 2159.9 (cm) which indicates that there is no such outlier present in the observation. The sulpher di oxide content has a mean value of 11.42857 which has a deviation of 1.718249. The entire range of observation is 5 and the distribution is positively skewed. The mean value of Nitrogen di oxide content is 23.71429 and the median value is 24. The modal value of nitrogen di oxide content is 25. The mean value has a deviation of 1.380131. The range of the observation of nitrogen di oxide content is 3. The distribution of sulpher di oxide content is negatively skewed. Discrete random variable: The number of days in te year having rainfall is a discrete random variable. The number of days in the year can take the values 1, 2, 3,........ Out of 365 days in a year, the number of days in the year that is expected to have rainfall is said to follow a binomial distribution. The average number of days in the year that is expected to have rainfall is 180.4286. The proportion of days when the rainfall occurs is 0.493151 or is approximately 0.5. Therefore, a binomial distribution has been fitted by using the parameters n = 365 and p = 0.5. The probability distribution function of the variable is given below: The above graph plots the values of number of rainy days along x axis and the CDF and the PDF values of along the y axis. The PDF values are shown with the help of the red line. The red line shows that the distribution of PDF is approximately symmetric. The CDF of the distribution gradually increases and reaches a maximum value at 1. Inferential statistics: The distribution is said to be normally distributed if the distribution of the values are symmetric. The mean, median and modal values of the normal distribution coincide. The value of skewness for the normal distribution is zero. The value of kurtosis measure for the normal distribution is also zero. The values of the normal distribution are expected to lie within 3 limit. About 99% of the values of normal distribution lie within the 3 limit. The variable average temperature is expected to follow a normal distribution (Kim 2013). The deviation from normality could be best measured with the help of Kurtosis value (Bates et al. 2014). The skewness value for the variable is 0.56776. Therefore, the value is much less and the variable can be assumed to be normally distributed. A test of hypothesis has been conducted for the variable temperature. The average daily maximum temperature of Singapore is 31 degree Celsius. A hypothesis test has been conducted to test this claim. The null hypothesis of the test is H0: = 31 and the alternative hypothesis is H1: 31. The test statistic is given by: t = (x-bar )/(/sqrt(n)). The test statistic is said to follow a normal distribution. As the number of observation is very small, less than 30, the population standard deviation has been approximated by the sample standard deviation. The value of the test statistic is 3.73062. The value of the tabulated z at 5% level of significance is 1.96 for both sided test. The null hypothesis of the test is rejected on the basis of the calculated value of the test. The average temperature cannot be assumed to be 31 degree Celsius. Correlation: The relative humidity and the temperature have some kind of relationship between themselves. As the value of temperature increases, the value of relative humidity decreases and vice versa. The relative humidity is actually a ratio between the pressures of water vapor at a given temperature to the pressure of water vapor at equilibrium. When the temperature is low, the relative humidity is high and when the temperature is high, the relative humidity is low. The Pearsonian correlation has been calculated for temperature and relative humidity. The value of the variable is -0.39935. Therefore, there is a negative correlation between the two variables. The correlation has also been calculated for the variables Sunshine and total rainfall. The rainfall and Sunshine are negatively related. The value of the correlation coefficient has been calculated to be -0.77086. This means as the value of Sunshine increases, the value of rainfall decreases. Regression: The air temperature has a relationship between the Sulpher di oxide content and the Nitrogen di oxide content. The relationship among the variables has been explored with the help of regression analysis. A linear regression line has been fitted for the variables. The regression line obtained from the equation is given below: y = 33.22166 -0.0235 * Sulpher di oxide content 0.06429* Nitrogen di oxide content. The regression equation states that there is a negative relationship between sulpher di oxide content and nitrogen di oxide content and the air temperature. The air temperature decreases as the nitrogen and sulpher di oxide content increases. The R-squared for the regression analysis is 0.151147. Therefore, the model is not a very good fitted model in reducing the error and predicting values from regression equation. The summary statistics measures like mean, standard deviation, variance, skewness and kurtosis measures are being calculated for each of the variables. A test has been conducted to know about the average temperature of the country. The average temperature has been found to be not equal to 31 degree Celsius. The relationship between the air temperature and relative humidity is being studied. It has been found that there is a negative relationship between the temperature and relative humidity. The Sunshine and rainfall is also said to follow a negative relationship. The air temperature is inversely related to the nitrogen di oxide and suplher di oxide concentration in the air. The increase in sulpher di oxide and nitrogen di oxide content decreases the air temperature as is indicated by the results of regression analysis. Conclusion: The report gives an idea about the overall climate of Singapore. Various climates related issues are being studied in this assignment. The country Singapore is located in South of the Equator in tropical region. The country is surrounded by sea on all its sides. The country experiences very high temperature and huge amount of rainfall all over the year. The relative humidity in the country is very high as well (average 82%). The Sulpher di oxide and Nitrogen di oxide content in the air has a negative relationship with air temperature. References: Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B. and Walker, S., 2014. lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4.R package version,1(7). Blanca, M.J., Arnau, J., Lpez-Montiel, D., Bono, R. and Bendayan, R., 2013. Skewness and kurtosis in real data samples.Methodology. Draper, N.R. and Smith, H., 2014.Applied regression analysis. John Wiley Sons. Kim, H.Y., 2013. Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis.Restorative dentistry endodontics,38(1), pp.52-54. Kim, H.Y., 2013. Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis.Restorative dentistry endodontics,38(1), pp.52-54. Regezi, J.A., Sciubba, J.J. and Jordan, R.C., 2016.Oral pathology: clinical pathologic correlations. 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